In five years, South Africa's rangking were continued to decline from 37 to 67 in the global mining survey, while the average score of Africa has not improved in the last 4 years.
South Africa ranks just above the bottom 10, which includes the likes of Venezuela, Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bolivia and Madagascar. The Top Ten includes the likes of Quebec, Saskatchewan, Finland, Sweden and Nevada. Chile is the only developing country to regularly appear in the Top Ten; Botswana ranks as the top African country, just below the Top Ten.
The latest highly influential Fraser Institute Annual Survey of Mining Companies, now in its 14th year of publication, is based on responses from 494 mining companies, which reported exploration spending of USD 2.43bn during 2010.
During an era where "resource nationalism" is increasingly apparent across the world, the survey shows that Africa's average score has not improved in the past four years. African countries that scored well, after Botswana, include Namibia and Mali. Both Botswana and Namibia are South Africa neighbours.
At the other end of the scale, the further drop for the DRC, now ranking 77th overall, likely reflects, according to the survey, "the uncertainty created by the nationalization and revision of contracts by the [Joseph] Kabila government".
Fraser Institute: Survey of Mining Jurisdictions
2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | |||
| Total jurisdictions | 79 | 72 | 71 | 68 | 65 | 64 | 64 | ||
| South Africa ranking: | |||||||||
| Policy Potential Index | 67 | 61 | 49 | 50 | 53 | 37 | 53 | ||
| Mineral potential | 66 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 57 | 27 | 37 |
The survey is based on the aggregate of 17 sub-rankings, such as "regulatory duplications" and "legal processes that are fair, transparent". On these measures, South Africa ranks only once in the top half on any single sub-ranking: 36 for "uncertainty concerning environmental regulations". Its lowest sub-ranking is at 76, for "labour regulations, employment agreements, and labour militancy or work disruptions".
South Africa ranked 71 for "growing (or lessening) uncertainty in mining policy and implementation", and 70 for "trade barriers", which includes currency restrictions.
One mining company executive was quoted in the survey as saying: "Botswana is pro-mining and has efficient bureaucrats, no corruption, reasonable and consistent regulations, and reasonable taxation. It has remained constant as other traditional mining friendly areas have moved away from supporting mining or simply become stupid".
Another executive said: "Democratic Republic of Congo has zero land tenure and less than zero certainty regarding political/permit certainty", while another said "In the Democratic Republic of Congo, overnight you can lose your rights in a completely arbitrary or generally corrupt environment".
Fraser Institute: Survey of Mining Jurisdictions
| South Africa: sub-rankings | | 2011 | 2010 | |
| Uncertainty concerning the administration, interpretation, | | | ||
| and enforcement of existing regulations | | 60 | 51 | |
| Uncertainty concerning environmental regulations | 36 | 23 | ||
| Regulatory duplication and inconsistencies | | 59 | 42 | |
| Legal processes that are fair, transparent, | | | | |
| non-corrupt, timely, and efficiently administered | 62 | NA | ||
| Taxation regime | | | 65 | 55 |
| Uncertainty concerning disputed land claims | | 64 | 25 | |
| Uncertainty concerning which areas will be protected | | | ||
| as wilderness areas, parks or archeological sites | 45 | 25 | ||
| Infrastructure (includes access to roads, power availability, etc) | 45 | 37 | ||
| Socioeconomic agreements/community development conditions | 66 | 60 | ||
| Trade barriers-tariff and non-tariff barriers, | | | NA | |
| restrictions on profit repatriation, currency restrictions, etc | 70 | NA | ||
| Political stability | | | 61 | 58 |
| Labor regulations, employment agreements, and | | | ||
| labour militancy or work disruptions | | 76 | 69 | |
| Geological database | | | 49 | 35 |
| Security | | | 68 | 62 |
| Supply of labor/skills | | | 58 | 43 |
| Growing (or lessening) uncertainty | | | | |
| in mining policy and implementation | | 71 | NA | |
| Composite policy and mineral potential | | 60 | 58 | |
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